考博英语中：to是介词还是不定式呢？

华慧考博 · 发表于 2021-8-16 11:37:14

考博英语中：to是介词还是不定式呢？

在英语中有很多介的用法，华慧考博老师发现，越是简单的介词，它的用就越复杂。而这些介词其在考博英语当中的考点却非常多，很多考博对于这类介词的用法不完全熟悉，导致出现不应该的丢分情况，比如今天华慧考博老师要给大家讲的介词：to ！
句子中的to既可能是介词，也可能是不定式，那我们要怎样判定它是用作介词还是不定式呢，这两种情况下的用法又有什么不同呢？以下我们将对此一一进行阐述。
首先，形式上有所不同：
不定式：to do
介词：to doing/n.

再者，to 用作不定式时，没有词义，其后必须要接动词原形，构成不定式短语，可在句中充当主语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语和状语，例如：
The government has pledged to change the law to introduce a minimum service requirement so that services can continue to operate. （句中第一个不定式短语to change the law作宾语；to introduce ... 作目的状语；to operate 也是作continue 的宾语。）
参考译文：政府承诺修改法律，来介绍最低服务要求，这样服务能够继续运行。
Sometimes it is difficult for us to place physics and chemistry into separate categories. （不定式to place...作真正主语，it 为形式主语）
参考译文：有时我们很难把物理和化学分成不同的类别。
The homestead Act of 1862 made it possible to acquire land at a small cost. （不定式to acquire...作真正宾语，it 为形式宾语）
参考译文：1862年的《宅地法》使得以很低的成本获得土地成为可能。
China has come under intense pressure at home and abroad to cut emissions and do more to reduce global warming. （to cut emissions and do more 作后置定语，修饰pressure；to reduce global warming, 作目的状语。）
参考译文：长久以来，中国在国内外都承受着减少排放和积极应对气候变暖的压力。
My plan is to complete this paper within 4 weeks. （表语）
Her madness is not such as to fill her mother with despair。（结果状语）

而 to 用作介词时，本身是有其意义的，可以表示“向、朝、往、对着（某方向或某处）”、“位于...方向”、“到、达某处或某种状态”、“表示范围或一段时间的结尾或界限”等意思。其之后只能接名词、代词或数词，构成介词短语，可在句中充当表语、宾语补足语、状语或后置定语，例如：
I walked to the office. （地点状语）
It was on the way to the station. （后置定语）
The school has invited all parents to the party. （宾语补足语）
When we were in difficulty they always come to our assistance.（表语）

以下整理了一些常用的to 分别用作介词和不定式短语，大家可以看2-3遍，在脑海里形成记忆：
to 为介词的短语：
be/get/become used to习惯于 be given to喜欢;癖好
be related to 与...有关系 be addicted to沉溺于;对...上瘾
be opposed to 反对 devote oneself to献身于;专心于
be devoted to致力于;忠诚于 be admitted to被...录取;准进入...
be reduced to沦为 be attached to附属于;喜欢;依恋
be adjusted to 适应 be known to 为...所知
be married to 和...结婚 be sentenced to被判处
be connected to 和...连在一起 be exposed to 暴露于;遭受
be compared to被比喻成 compare ... to ...  把...比作...
be/become/ get accustomed to 惯于;有习惯 be engaged to与...订婚
get down to着手做 lead to导致
object to反对;不喜欢;不赞成 put one's mind to全神贯注于
give rise to引起 look forward to 盼望
pay attention to注意 stick to 坚持
attend to专心;注意;照料; see to 负责;注意
contribute to对...作贡献;有助于 make contributions to对...作贡献
apply oneself to致力于 come close to几乎;将近
reply to回答 add to增加
add up to加起来 in addition to除之外
turn to转向;求助于 feel up to能胜任于
look up to尊敬 admit to承认
belong to属于 take to喜爱;开始
cling to附着 fall to开始
respond to回答;对...作出回应 accustom oneself to使自己习惯于
amount to等于 set an example to给...树立榜样
agree to sth. 同意... (比较: agree to do sth.同意做...)
refer to谈到;参考;查阅 take/make a trip to到地方去
join ...to 把...和…连接起来 turn a blind eye to对…视而不见
turn a deaf ear to对...充耳不闻 show honour to向...表示敬意
put an end to(bring.. to an end)结束 drink (a toast) to为..杯
propose a toast to提议... set fire to放火烧
happen to 发生于，偶然发生 occur to sb. 某人想起;想到
total up to总计达 be close to几乎;将近
hold to坚持;抓住 help oneself to随便用
hold on to 抓住;固守 do harm to对...有害处
do wrong to冤枉某人 date back to追溯到
come to来到;达到;结果为 (比较: come to do sth逐渐做某事)
when it comes to.谈到...时 the key to ...的答案/关键
give an eye to着眼于 have an eye to doing打算
pay a visit to参观... access to进入;取得的方法
on one's way to在去某处的路上;在达成某事的过程中
be a stranger to 不习惯;对...陌生 be equal to 和...相等
be kind to对...和善 be important to对...重要
be senior to 比...年长  be junior to比...年幼
be particular to 对...是特有的 (比较: be particular about对过于讲究;挑剔)
be subject to服从;隶属;易遭\受\患 be familiar to为...熟悉
be similar to和...相似 be open to对...开放
be loyal to 对...忠诚 be helpful to对有益处
be good to sb对某人好(比较: be good for对有益处)  be useful to对...有用
be bad to对...不好 be bad for (比较:对...有害处)
be new to对...不习惯 due to由于，归因于
be due to do sth. 预定要做某事 owing to由于:因...的缘故
thanks to多亏了，由于 as to关于:至于
in/with regard to关于 in/with relation to关于;就而论
according to根据 subject to在条件下;依照

to 为不定式的短语：
afford to do sth. 负担得起做某事 agree to do sth. 同意做某事
arrange to do sth. 安排做某事 ask to do sth.要求做某事
beg to do sth. 请求做某事 care to do sth. 想要做某事
choose to do sth. 决定做某事 decide to do sth. 决定做某事
demand to do sth. 要求做某事 determine to do sth. 决心做某事
expect to do sth. 期待做某事 fear to do sth. 害怕做某事
help to do sth. 帮助做某事 hope to do sth.希望做某事
pretend to do sth. 假装做某事 promise to do sth. 答应做某事
refuse to do sth. 拒绝做某事 want to do sth. 想要做某事
wish to do sth. 希望做某事 aim to do sth.打算做某事
fail to do sth. 未能做某事 long to do sth. 渴望做某事
happen to do sth. 碰巧做某事 hesitate to do sth. 犹豫做某事
struggle to do sth. 努力做某事 advise sb. to do sth. 建议某人做某事
allow sb. to do sth. 允许某人做某事 learn to do sth. 学习做某事
manage to do sth. 设法做某事 offer to do sth. 主动提出做某事
plan to do sth. 计划做某事 prepare to do sth. 准备做某事
bear sb. to do sth. 忍受某人做某事 beg sb. to do sth. 请求某人做某事
cause sb. to do sth. 导致某人做某事 command sb. to do sth.命令某人做某事
learn to do sth. 学习做某事 manage to do sth. 设法做某事
offer to do sth. 主动提出做某事 plan to do sth. 计划做某事
prepare to do sth. 准备做某事 bear sb. to do sth. 忍受某人做某事
beg sb. to do sth. 请求某人做某事 command sb. to do sth.命令某人做某事
order sb. to do sth. 命令某人做某事 permit sb. to do sth. 允许某人做某事
persuade sb. to do sth. 说服某人做某事 prefer sb. to do sth. 宁愿某人做某事
request sb. to do sth. 要求某人做某事 remind sb. to do sth. 提醒某人做某事

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